In the late 1960s, a gang of teenage computer radicals known as the RESISTORS exploded on the scene in Princeton, New Jersey. They passionately abused the limits of first generation computing. This collective, composed of fewer than 70 members over its decade-long existence, cultivated a unique environment in which young minds explored the nascent field of computing. With Claude Kagan’s mentorship, an experienced electrical engineer, RESISTORS dived deep into the technical details of programming and technology. They made extensive use of a cache of legacy production gear that Kagan had stashed in his barn.
Kagan’s generous support went beyond just giving RESISTORS a meeting space — he helped facilitate their access to leading-edge computing resources. He allowed them to dial into his employer’s DEC PDP-8 machine over the phone lines via teletype. This possibility would prove instrumental to their evolution. The team adopted an African American pedagogy motto style of approach, “Each one, teach one.” This decision created a unique collaborative transdisciplinary learning space for all participants.
The Influence of Claude Kagan
Claude Kagan was fundamental to the founding and expansion of RESISTORS. Through it all, he inspired the cohort to live up to the promise of computing, equipping them with the skills and knowhow to succeed. His barn turned into a safe place for fledgling programmers to come learn and play. The used equipment stacked in there even included a Burroughs Datatron 205, a computer first introduced in the mid-1950s.
Kagan’s commitment extended beyond mere guidance. He even managed to persuade Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to donate a PDP-8 computer to RESISTORS, which at once opened up tremendous new capabilities. This donation provided members the opportunity to explore some of the most advanced technologies including real-time computing and interactivity.
“Some people are too proud to ask children for information. This is dumb. Information is where you find it.” – Ted Nelson
The collaborative spirit fostered by Kagan enabled members like Nat Kuhn to join RESISTORS after attending an open house in February 1968. This inviting environment, both liberal and conservative, drew an eclectic mix of people, all unified by their love for technology and innovation.
Collaborations and Innovations
Nelson, meanwhile, was hard at work developing ideas about hypertext and networks of text for publishing. It was during this time that he wrote the introductory poem “Labyrinth” to the ensemble. The PDP-8 from DEC fueled this imaginative work. It was the first visual demonstration of a hypertext system, allowing users to navigate and interact with information in a completely new way.
The group’s work often centered on exploring and developing prototypes using new computerized technologies. They engaged in projects that explored the potential of hypertext systems, effectively laying the groundwork for future developments in digital communication and information sharing.
“The future of mankind was at the computer screen.” – Ted Nelson
These concepts were experimental, but they struck a chord with the RESISTORS, who all understood the potential technology had to change everything. Their commitment to collaboration and creativity spurred their advancement of computer science. Yet it was incredibly important to the larger development of technology itself.
A Lasting Impact
Resistors had a far-reaching influence beyond their tangible victories. These simple pieces of logic were critical in determining the quantum computing landscape today in its nascent stages. As they navigated the complexities of programming and technology, they laid the foundation for future generations of computer enthusiasts and professionals.
Members like John R. Levine reflected on their experiences, noting, “We were so nerdy that it didn’t occur to us that girls [would] be any different in terms of what they could do.” This sentiment highlights the inclusive spirit that characterized RESISTORS, as they welcomed everyone regardless of their aesthetic.
Their willingness to explore real-time computing and interactivity with an eye toward looking ahead marked them as innovators. Most importantly, they wanted to take risks and redefine what people thought technology could do.
“There was certainly very little in that book that we hadn’t already heard about before it appeared.” – John R. Levine