In the late 1950s, a small group of teenage computer enthusiasts known as the RESISTORS emerged in Princeton, New Jersey. A story sometimes eclipsed by larger technological narratives, their accomplishments shed important light on their pioneering contributions to the field of computing. This collective of hackers and artists soon started deeply into programming languages and computing technologies more broadly, often using the TRAC language created by Canadian cyberneticist Calvin Mooers. The RESISTORS journey offers a fascinating glimpse into the dawn of computer science. It’s a celebration of the magic that happens when youthful curiosity and innovation fueled the future of technology.
The RESISTORS were conceived at a time when computing technology had only begun to grasp the public’s imagination. Yet their efforts lasted only about a decade, and less than 70 young people ever asserted membership during that time. They collaborated closely with Claude Kagan, who gave them free access to a DEC PDP-8 machine that he had in his barn. Kagan’s generosity allowed these developing coders to connect to the computer using teletype over phone lines. This relationship made it possible for them to play around with TRAC, which stands for Text Reckoning And Compiling.
The RESISTORS to further develop this creative, community-driven world. They traversed the complexities of computing in an era of scarce resources. They channeled that energy and drive into a technical manual for programming. Joseph Tulloch brought it all to life with fanciful, Seuss-like drawings that serve to enchant the work. This children’s manual represented a major step in their journey to share what they’ve learned with the world.
The Development of TRAC
The collective sharpened their artistic and technical programming skills while traversing TRAC. They joined beyond computing in more radical experiments in technology. They expanded what was possible at the time. This demonstrated that teens were capable of creating impactful advances to technologies. It was this language’s economy that inspired their imaginations. They created cutting-edge initiatives and dreamt up revolutionary concepts that eventually morphed into at the forefront of computing.
RESISTORS’ experimental efforts opened doors for future generations of musicians and programmers. They transformed their learning experiences into tangible outputs, showcasing how collaborative efforts among young minds can lead to significant breakthroughs in technology.
Contributions Beyond Programming
In an interesting footnote, two sultans of RESISTORS went on to great fame and fortune in the burgeoning field of computing literature. Their books would go on to sell millions of copies, shaping generations of developers eager to get started with technology and programming. One of these contributors was Ted Nelson, who worked with programmer Ned Woodman on an interactive called “Labyrinth.”
Nelson’s vision extended beyond traditional programming approaches. He imagined a networked space where anyone could store, access and record information that would grow without limits. He termed this visionary idea Project Xanadu. This project was to develop a non-proprietary universal text handling, publishing, and publishing connected to the rest of the electronic library of the world system.
“The future of mankind was at the computer screen,” – Ted Nelson
Nelson pictured a vibrant web of linked text and images. This web of knowledge went far beyond what could be committed to ink on paper. His prescience about the emerging digital age underscored the critical role of knowledge accessibility and knowledge storage in creating the path to human enlightenment.
Kagan’s expertise in high-level computer languages such as Fortran and BASIC contributed significantly to the RESISTORS’ endeavors. Through his encouragement and support, he fostered an environment in which young minds could flourish, pushing the boundaries of what was possible with computing.
The Unique Tools of the RESISTORS
To make their connection to the PDP-8 machine possible, the RESISTORS used an acoustic coupler—a forerunner of today’s computer modems. This portable device allowed them to link in-house teletypes to local payphones. It really did make for a seamless transition from their home studios to Kagan’s barn. This inventiveness embodied their creativity in surmounting the constraints of available technology.
Using this arrangement, they were then able to connect with each other and operate very sophisticated programs developed in TRAC. The use of teletypes is an inspiring example of how early computer enthusiasts creatively repurposed existing technologies to build their own computing technologies. It was this enthusiasm for experimentation that led them to becoming innovators in the early days of personal computing.
Even as they moved through this intentional environment, members represented a diverse set of concepts, experiences and lenses that melted together to craft their mutual concepts. Jean Hunter emphasized the human challenges of collaboration. Our passionate discussions sometimes created tension between team players.
“beating people over the head to make them give you a turn.” – Jean Hunter
Overcoming such challenges, the RESISTORS moved forward on their projects, motivated by a common spirit of ingenuity and curiosity. Their friendship and commitment at the time represented the courage of innovation dominant during this transformative time in the history of computing.