Eastern Hellbenders, North America’s largest salamander, are secretive and elusive. Sometimes endearingly referred to as “snot otters” or “lasagna lizards”, they can reach two feet in length. This interesting species, which was once common around the entire state of Kentucky, has been getting harder and harder to find within our state. Recent research conducted by a team led by Sarah A. Tomke utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) technology to assess the presence of Eastern Hellbenders across various waterways. Their findings highlight not only the current distribution of these creatures but the specific habitat conditions necessary for their survival.
The research was based on 90 sites across 73 rivers in the Ohio River basin and Appalachian region. The study found Eastern Hellbender DNA in 22 sites across the state—including 12 of the sites where the species had previously been documented. This key data gathering greatly enhances our understanding of Eastern Hellbenders’ habitat needs. It also showcases the urgent need for innovative environmental conservation efforts.
Understanding Habitat Preferences
Eastern Hellbenders flourish in clean, clear, well-oxygenated rivers with rocky stream bottoms. Their need for such environments is key to their demise, as these conditions serve as both their necessary refuge and breeding habitat. The findings of this years study showed a direct relationship between Eastern Hellbenders and clean, rocky stream bottoms.
“Fine sediment is a big problem,” – Sarah A. Tomke
Fine sediment accumulation in rivers can significantly alter Eastern Hellbender habitat. It fills potential nesting sites and reduces the microhabitats that larvae need for shelter. Without enough room under rocks, these reptiles and amphibians can’t lay their eggs and weather out the changing season.
Sarah A. Tomke expressed her excitement about the study’s findings, stating, “Seeing a hellbender is incredible, and holding one is next level.” Her love for the scuttling species is infectious, as she guides a team of researchers working to better understand these ancient creatures and protect their habitats.
Methodology and Findings
The research team employed a statistical “occupancy” framework to address two essential questions: where Eastern Hellbenders are present and when their DNA is most easily detected. Sampling occurred across different seasons, revealing that early fall—specifically September, during the breeding period—offers an optimal window for eDNA surveys. This new methodological approach opens the door for biologists to refine their searches and make their work more efficient.
“But my favorite part was the occupancy results. We could clearly tie stream habitat quality to where hellbender DNA turns up. It brought the science together and showed what managers can do on the ground,” – Sarah A. Tomke
These findings enable conservationists to better target their protection efforts. They can thus make prioritization decisions in areas that are ecologically appropriate and already home to the Eastern Hellbender. This laser-focused strategy can significantly increase your odds of finding these beautiful but elusive amphibians. Rest assured, you’ll not be lifting any large boulders or spending hours underwater snorkeling.
Implications for Conservation
The study comes as the fill for a decades-old information gap on Eastern Hellbenders in Kentucky. It pinpoints ambitious but achievable habitat goals to guide their conservation and restoration work. As Steven Price, interim chair of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, noted, “Sarah’s project gives us clear habitat targets.”
He further emphasized the importance of community involvement in habitat preservation: “Residents, landowners, and communities play a role in keeping soil out of streams and protecting habitat.” Price is calling for the implementation of preventive measures to protect and ultimately save this one-of-a-kind species.
“First, keep sediment out of streams. Then protect and rebuild rocky beds and forested streambanks. That’s how we give this species a chance,” – Steven Price
Through focused collaboration of stakeholders, eastern hellbenders can once again thrive across Kentucky. They can do it by adopting practices aimed at keeping our waters clean and our streams’ rocky homes intact.