Gene editing technology is beginning to make big splashes in the world of wildlife conservation. It provides a much-needed, transformative solution to save endangered species. As biodiversity teeters on the edge of collapse, scientists and practitioners alike have increasingly called for bold new approaches to fight the spreading extinction crisis. Associate Professor Hernán Morales from the Globe Institute emphasizes the urgency of this issue, stating, “Biodiversity faces unprecedented threats that demand unprecedented solutions.”
A multidisciplinary team of conservation geneticists and biotechnologists is at the forefront of this effort, aiming to reduce the extinction risk faced by thousands of species. The team is applying innovative gene editing technologies that have already proven successful in agricultural applications and de-extinction efforts. Their aim as a lab is to refuel lost genetic variation in threatened species.
The Role of Genetic Diversity
Captive breeding and habitat protection have traditionally been the twin pillars of conservation. Though these approaches manage to increase population size, they frequently do not replenish the gene variants that have been lost. This genetic uniformity can make them more vulnerable to extinction over time. Mauritius’ endemic pink pigeon has staged a remarkable recovery! Its population has increased from only 10 fish to more than 600 through active breeding programs. Although recent progress has certainly improved the situation, the species continues to experience extreme genomic degradation. Experts say, without a little luck, it’ll be extinct in the next 50 to 100 years.
Gene editing offers a solution by enabling scientists to bring back genetic diversity lost from the gene pool of modern populations. Utilizing DNA samples collected decades or even centuries ago—many of which are preserved in natural history museums worldwide—researchers can introduce vital genetic variations that may enhance the survival prospects of endangered species.
Collaborative Efforts in Conservation Genetics
At the University of East Anglia, Professor Cock van Oosterhout is one of the co-leads of the initiative. Dr. Stephen Turner, of Colossal Biosciences, is key to that world-leading leadership. In doing so, they have anchored a national collaborative research effort. This global initiative is led by the Colossal Foundation, the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, the Mauritius Wildlife Foundation, and many other organizations. They’re on a mission to use gene editing technologies to save species. Ultimately, their aim is to solve the dangerous genetic bottlenecks that imperil so many of today’s species.
As Dr. Beth Shapiro, Chief Science Officer at Colossal Biosciences, has argued, gene editing should be incorporated into conservation strategies. She believes that by repurposing existing technologies commonly used in agriculture—such as those that create pest and drought-resistant crops—conservationists can make significant strides in preserving threatened species.
The team’s work represents an important change in conservation strategy. Rather than focusing solely on boosting their numbers, they’re now working to ensure genetic health and diversity within populations. This multifaceted strategy aims to bolster resilience against environmental changes and diseases, ultimately enhancing the long-term survival of endangered species.
Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities
While gene editing holds great promise for conservation, the path forward is not without risks. Ethical issues regarding genetic editing, as well as the regulatory structures that allow or prohibit such changes, need to be discussed. The team recognizes these challenges and is resolutely focused on pushing their research forward within an ethical and responsible framework.
Successful, targeted gene editing initiatives would primarily focus on a few species at the expense of all others. In addition, they can completely reconfigure ecosystems. At the same time, researchers are trying to boost their genetic diversity. This, in turn, will produce populations with increased ability to respond and adapt to shifting environments and emerging challenges.
The team’s eyes are already focused on the next round of research. They are optimistic about the role gene editing may play in establishing a sustainable future for endangered species. This interdisciplinary partnership between conservation biologists and biotechnologists is an inspiring model of how creative scientific innovation can help promote ecological stewardship.