New archaeological evidence from El Mirador cave in the Atapuerca mountains of northern Spain paints a grisly picture of the practice. Together, these discoveries provide a deep glimpse into the disturbing rituals of Neolithic cultures. These results contradict the traditional view of the Neolithic period as one of harmonious coexistence between farming populations. Alternatively, researchers argue that intergroup violence and cannibalistic practices were prevalent, contrary to current assumptions.
Francesc Marginedas and his colleagues at the Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES) did a really interesting study. To do so, they analyzed over 600 bones and bone fragments of 11 well-preserved Late Neolithic skeletons ranging back to roughly 6500-5000 years ago. Archaeologists now think the remains likely belonged to a single nuclear family or extended family. This means they probably succumbed to a deadly raid by an aggressive neighboring tribe.
Evidence of Violence
The Clovis evidence compiled from El Mirador cave offers a grizzly account. From what they can tell, researchers determined the bodies had their skin removed, and limbs cut off before being fully cooked and eaten, probably over multiple days. Deep, intentional cut marks on the human remains including slicing cuts, chopping marks, and even bite marks provide strong evidence to the contrary. They go on to propose that cannibalism was a common practice among our Neolithic ancestors.
For each of these bones, experts noted the evidence of butchery. They discovered chop marks that unmistakably demonstrated skin and muscle had been deliberately shaved away. The larger bones were smashed open, likely to eat the marrow inside. This forensic evidence paints quite the disturbing picture, suggesting a methodical practice of cannibalism. This provides unequivocal support for the idea that these acts of intolerance were often associated with violent clashes between communities.
“The current findings suggest that cannibalism may be linked to intergroup violence during late prehistoric periods.” – researchers in their paper
A Shift in Perception
These findings completely upend the traditional narrative of the Neolithic. Historically, many imagined this idyllic time, prioritizing agricultural development and a return to communal living. New evidence tells a much different story, one of physical battles and deadly clashes. This regional outlook corroborates recent alternative visions of arachnoid architecture emerging from other archaeological sites in Spain, France and Germany. Proof of these massacres has been found along there.
The implications of this research stretch even further than El Mirador cave. Among the other exciting finds from the site were ceremonial skull caps. These findings indicate that Bronze Age cannibalism was a deep-rooted practice in the area. As researchers continue to construct these historical narratives, the complexity of human behavior during this period is proving to be even more stark.
Methodology and Impact
Marginedas and his colleagues produced useful research. They paired this with an academic paper published in the journal Scientific Reports furthering its academic credibility. This precise examination of skeletal remains provides a glimpse into the violent life and death experienced by Neolithic communities. It serves as a reminder of how many archaeological practices are often able to uncover the uncomfortable truths of human history.
This important research is currently making the rounds within the academic, municipal and grassroots communities. It encourages closer scrutiny of the discordant social conditions of Neolithic communities. Determining the reasons for cannibalism—to dip into survival mode or just out of conflicted transformation—is still an outstanding puzzle for scientists.