A group of researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) recently published a pioneering study. To millions of viewers, they unveiled a recent breakthrough on the propagated behavior of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). The study, titled “The Relationship Between the Kinematics of Coronal Mass Ejections and the Brightness of the Corona,” was authored by Kelly Victor-French, Karl Battams, and Brian E. Wood. That work, which was led by Dr. Owen, was recently published in The Astrophysical Journal on July 3. Our results show an inverse correlation between the solar corona brightness and the speed of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). This relationship has the potential to threaten satellite communications, power grids and other critical infrastructure here on Earth.
The researchers found that brighter regions in the solar corona correspond with significantly slower CME speeds. This inverse relationship suggests that when the solar corona appears particularly bright, it may indicate a reduced likelihood of fast-moving CMEs. In some instances, these bright regions seem to prevent CMEs from occurring at all. This should be very concerning considering their disproportionate impact on shaping technology on Earth.
Impacts on Satellite Communications and Power Grids
Coronal Mass Ejections have been known for a long time for their ability to knock out communications through satellites in orbit around the earth. When a CME impacts Earth they often trigger geomagnetic storms that disrupt satellite signals. This interruption makes it nearly impossible to carry out critical continuous operations needed to support navigation systems, telecommunications and weather observations.
Additionally, CMEs are a major danger to our power grids. Charged particles released during a CME can induce electrical currents in long power lines, potentially damaging equipment. This, in turn, causes significant voltage swings and has been known to ruin transformers. These types of incidents can trigger rolling blackouts, debilitating public safety and sparking billions in economic damages.
Victor-French and her colleagues’s findings could offer a big step toward being able to predict these disruptions. By establishing the relationship between solar corona brightness and CME velocities, scientists can more accurately predict when solar disturbances will happen. Better understanding their long-term impacts makes us all more prepared for their severe consequences.
Methodology and Observations
In order to add evidence to their findings, the researchers utilized data from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). They use data from the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C2. Their observations included AR11401 on January 24, 2012, which was the target of the first SDO/AIA observations (at a 193 AU wavelength). As they flew over the FUV coronal signature directly above AR11401, their acute observations pointed toward a very bright corona.
Second, a radial projection from AR11401 out into the corona was taken by LASCO C2. By combining observational data with new computer simulations, researchers have identified a link between corona brightness and CME speed. This approach showcased the complex interactions of these solar phenomena within the active region.
These discoveries not only contribute to the scientific knowledge of solar processes, but represent an exciting future toward more accurate space weather forecasts. With more accurate predictions of CME behavior, stakeholders in various industries can implement measures to mitigate risks associated with solar activity.
Future Implications
This innovative research, spearheaded by Victor-French, Battams, and Wood, paves the way for exciting new lines of research that will be pursued within the heliophysics community. Understanding the dynamics between solar activity and its effects on Earth is crucial as society becomes increasingly reliant on technology vulnerable to space weather.
Our space agencies have never been more engaged in monitoring solar phenomena. By combining this newfound understanding with predictive models, they’re able to fortify the resilience of essential infrastructure. By preparing for the interruptions that CMEs can create, governments and organizations can more effectively protect satellite functionality and maintain reliable sources of power.